On 28 July 2025, the European Union and the United States agreed on a 15% import tariff for European goods. This agreement represents a compromise aimed at restoring stability and predictability in transatlantic trade. While it averts a previously threatened tariff hike of up to 50%, the deal falls short of earlier ambitions and offers only limited relief to key sectors.
Notably, car imports will most likely benefit from a reduced rate, but tariffs on steel and aluminium remain at 50%. Uncertainty also persists around sensitive sectors such as pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and alcoholic beverages. The so-called Section 232 investigation—a US trade policy tool—is still ongoing. Its purpose is to determine the effect of imports on national security. Investigations may be initiated based on an application from an interested party, a request from the head of any department or agency, or may be self-initiated by the US Secretary of Commerce. This could impact duties on semiconductors and medicines.
The 15% duties entered into force on 7 August. However, it is not yet clear when the so-called “zero-for-zero” rates (i.e., goods exempted from the 15% duty) will take effect. For decisions regarding market access, the European Commission must collaborate with the European Parliament. Agricultural goods—particularly dairy and meat—are expected to form a significant portion of the goods for which market access will be granted.
ESC holds the opinion that this is not a satisfactory compromise, as the 15% rate still imposes a significant financial burden on European exporters. The average rate previously stood at around 4.6%. The EU must accelerate investment in competitiveness and innovation to strengthen its position in future trade negotiations. Clear terms of the agreement are essential to ensure business confidence and economic stability.